Following completion of Chapter 14, students should be able to:

1. Explain what makes water hard and the advantages of softening.
2. Describe the processes used to soften water.
3. Prepare chemical doses to soften water with considerations given to coagulants and stability.
4. Safely handle softening chemicals.
5. Dispose of process sludges and brines.
6. Keep neat and accurate softening records.
7. Perform jar tests and apply results.
8. Operate and maintain chemical precipitation and ion exchange softening processes.
9. Start up and shut down water softening units.
10. Blend softened waters with unsoftened waters (split treatment) for delivery to consumers.

The main purpose of this chapter is to teach operators how to safely operate and maintain processes used to soften water.

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